The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists. There is no agreed number of specific types of rocks. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type. Additionally, different classification systems exist for each major type of rock.^[1] There are three major types of rock: igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and sedimentary rock.

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Igneous rocks[edit]

• Adakite – A class of intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks containing low amounts of yttrium and ytterbium
• Andesite – An intermediate volcanic rock
• Alkali feldspar granite – A granitoid in which at least 90% of the total feldspar is alkali feldspar
• Anorthosite – A mafic intrusive igneous rock composed predominantly of plagioclase
• Aplite – A fine-grained intrusive igneous rock type similar to granite
• Basalt – A magnesium- and iron-rich extrusive igneous rock
  • A'a – Basaltic lava with a crumpled appearance
  • Pahoehoe – Basaltic lava with a flowing, often ropy appearance
• Basaltic trachyandesite
  • Mugearite – Oligoclase-bearing basalt, comprising olivine, apatite, and opaque oxides
  • Shoshonite – A potassium-rich variety of basaltic trachyandesite
• Basanite – A silica-undersaturated basalt
• Blairmorite – Rare porphyritic volcanic rock
• Boninite – Ultramafic extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica
• Carbonatite – Igneous rock with more than 50% carbonate minerals
• Charnockite – A type of granite containing orthopyroxene
  • Enderbite – An igneous rock of the charnockite series
• Dacite – Volcanic rock intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite
• Diabase, also known as dolerite – An intrusive mafic rock forming dykes or sills
• Diorite – Intermediate intrusive igneous rock composed principally of plagioclase feldspar
  • Napoleonite, also known as corsite – A variety of diorite with orbicular structure
• Dunite – An ultramafic and ultrabasic rock from Earth's mantle and made of the mineral olivine.
• Essexite – a dark gray or black holocrystalline plutonic rock
• Foidolite – A rare coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock in which more than 60% of light-coloured minerals are feldspathoids
• Gabbro – A coarse-grained mafic intrusive rock
• Granite – common type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock with granular structure
• Granodiorite – A phaneritic-textured intrusive igneous rock similar to granite
• Granophyre – A subvolcanic rock that contains quartz and alkali feldspar in characteristic angular intergrowths
• Harzburgite – An ultramafic and ultrabasic mantle rock. Found in ophiolites.
• Hornblendite – Plutonic rock consisting mainly of the amphibole hornblende
• Hyaloclastite – A volcaniclastic accumulation or breccia
• Icelandite – An iron rich, aluminium poor andesite
• Ignimbrite – A variety of hardened tuff
• Ijolite – An igneous rock consisting essentially of nepheline and augite
• Kimberlite – Deep igneous rock formed by violent eruption from the mantle which can carry diamonds
• Komatiite – An ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock
• Lamproite – Ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic or subvolcanic rock
• Lamprophyre – An ultramafic, ultrapotassic intrusive rock dominated by mafic phenocrysts in a feldspar groundmass
• Latite – A silica-undersaturated form of andesite
• Lherzolite – An ultramafic rock, essentially a peridotite
• Monzogranite – A silica-undersaturated granite with <5% normative quartz
• Monzonite – Igneous intrusive rock with low quartz and equal plagioclase and alkali feldspar – a plutonic rock with <5% normative quartz
• Nepheline syenite – A silica-undersaturated plutonic rock of nepheline and alkali feldspar
• Nephelinite – A silica-undersaturated plutonic rock with >90% nepheline
• Norite – A hypersthene-bearing gabbro
• Obsidian – Naturally occurring volcanic glass
• Pegmatite – Very coarse grained plutonic rock
• Peridotite – A coarse-grained ultramafic igneous rock
• Phonolite – A silica-undersaturated volcanic rock; essentially similar to nepheline syenite
• Phonotephrite – A volcanic rock with a composition between phonolite and tephrite
• Picrite – An olivine-bearing basalt
• Porphyry – Textural form of igneous rock with large grained crystals in a fine matrix
• Pumice – Light coloured highly vesicular volcanic rock
• Pyroxenite – Igneous rock - a coarse grained plutonic rock composed of >90% pyroxene
• Quartz diorite – A diorite with >5% modal quartz
• Quartz monzonite – An intermediate plutonic rock, essentially a monzonite with 5–10% modal quartz
• Quartzolite – An intrusive rock composed mostly of quartz
• Rhyodacite – A felsic volcanic rock which is intermediate between a rhyolite and a dacite
• Rhyolite – An igneous, volcanic rock, of felsic (silica-rich) composition
  • Comendite – A hard, peralkaline igneous rock, a type of light blue grey rhyolite
  • Pantellerite – A peralkaline rhyolite type of volcanic rock
• Scoria – Dark vesicular volcanic rock
• Shonkinite – Intrusive igneous rock – a plutonic rock
• Sovite – A coarse-grained carbonatite rock
• Syenite – Intrusive igneous rock – A plutonic rock dominated by orthoclase feldspar; a type of granitoid
• Tachylyte – Essentially a basaltic glass
• Tephriphonolite – A volcanic rock with a composition between phonotephrite and phonolite
• Tephrite – A silica-undersaturated volcanic rock
• Tonalite – A plagioclase-dominant granitoid
• Trachyandesite – An alkaline intermediate volcanic rock
  • Benmoreite – A silica-undersaturated volcanic rock of intermediate composition - sodic trachyandesite
• Trachybasalt – A volcanic rock with a composition between basalt and trachyte
  • Hawaiite – a sodic type of trachybasalt, typically formed by ocean island (hot spot) volcanism
• Trachyte – A silica-undersaturated volcanic rock; essentially a feldspathoid-bearing rhyolite
• Troctolite – A plutonic ultramafic rock containing olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase
• Trondhjemite – A light-colored intrusive igneous rock – A form of tonalite where plagioclase-group feldspar is oligoclase
• Tuff – Rock consolidated from volcanic ash
• Websterite – A type of pyroxenite, composed of clinoproxene and orthopyroxene
• Wehrlite – Ultramafic rock - An ultramafic plutonic or cumulate rock, a type of peridotite, composed of olivine and clinopyroxene

Sedimentary rocks[edit]

• Argillite – Sedimentary rock, mostly of indurated clay particles
• Arkose – A type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar
• Banded iron formation – Distinctive layered units of iron-rich sedimentary rock that are almost always of Precambrian age
• Breccia – Rock composed of broken fragments cemented by a matrix
• Calcarenite – A type of limestone that is composed predominantly of sand-size grains
• Chalk – A soft, white, porous sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate
• Chert – A hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of cryptocrystalline silica
• Claystone – Clastic sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay-sized particles
• Coal – Combustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon
• Conglomerate – A coarse-grained clastic sedimentary rock with mainly rounded to subangular clasts
• Coquina – A sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of fragments of shells
• Diamictite – A lithified sedimentary rock of non- to poorly sorted terrigenous sediment in a matrix of mudstone or sandstone
• Diatomite – Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled
• Dolomite (rock), also known as Dolostone – Sedimentary carbonate rock that contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite
• Evaporite – A water-soluble mineral sediment formed by evaporation from an aqueous solution
• Flint – Cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz
• Geyserite – A form of opaline silica that is often found around hot springs and geysers
• Greywacke – A hard, dark sandstone with poorly sorted angular grains in a compact, clay-fine matrix
• Gritstone – A hard, coarse-grained, siliceous sandstone
• Itacolumite – A porous, yellow sandstone that is flexible when cut into thin strips
• Jaspillite – A banded mixture of hematite and quartz
• Laterite – A product of rock weathering in wet tropical climate rich in iron and aluminum
• Lignite – soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock
• Limestone – Sedimentary rocks made of calcium carbonate
• Marl – Lime-rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and silt
• Mudstone – Fine grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds
• Oil shale – Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen
• Oolite – Sedimentary rock formed from ooids
• Phosphorite – A non-detrital sedimentary rock that contains high amounts of phosphate minerals
• Sandstone – Type of sedimentary rock
• Shale – A fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock
• Siltstone – Sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range
• Sylvinite – A sedimentary rock made of a mechanical mixture of sylvite and halite
• Tillite – Till which has been indurated or lithified by burial
• Travertine – A form of limestone deposited by mineral springs
• Tufa – Porous limestone rock formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of ambient temperature water
• Turbidite – The geologic deposit of a turbidity current
• Wackestone – A mud-supported carbonate rock that contains greater than 10% grains

Metamorphic rocks[edit]

• Anthracite – A hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster
• Amphibolite – A metamorphic rock containing mainly amphibole and plagioclase
• Blueschist – A metavolcanic rock that forms by the metamorphism of basalt and rocks with similar composition
• Cataclasite – A rock formed by faulting
• Eclogite – A dense metamorphic rock formed under high pressure
• Gneiss – A common high-grade metamorphic rock
• Granulite – A class of high-grade medium to coarse grained metamorphic rocks
• Greenschist – A mafic metamorphic rock dominated by green amphiboles
• Hornfels
  • Calcflinta – A type of hornfels found in the Scottish Highlands
• Litchfieldite – Nepheline syenite gneiss
• Marble – Non-foliated, metamorphic rock, commonly used for sculpture and as a building material – a metamorphosed limestone
• Migmatite – A mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock
• Mylonite – A metamorphic rock formed by shearing
• Metapelite – A metamorphic rock with a protolith of clay-rich (siltstone) sedimentary rock
• Metapsammite – A metamorphic rock with a protolith of quartz-rich (sandstone) sedimentary rock
• Phyllite – A low grade metamorphic rock composed mostly of micaceous minerals
• Pseudotachylite – A glass formed by melting within a fault via friction
• Quartzite – Hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone – A metamorphosed sandstone typically composed of >95% quartz
• Schist – Medium grade metamorphic rock with lamellar grain
• Serpentinite – Rock formed by hydration and metamorphic transformation of olivine
• Skarn – Hard, coarse-grained, hydrothermally altered metamorphic rocks
• Slate – Metamorphic rock - A low grade metamorphic rock formed from shale or silts
• Suevite – A rock formed by partial melting during a meteorite impact
• Talc carbonate – A metamorphosed ultramafic rock with talc as an essential constituent; similar to a serpentinite
  • Soapstone – Essentially a talc schist
• Tectonite – A rock whose fabric reflects the history of its deformation
• Whiteschist – A high pressure metamorphic rock containing talc and kyanite

Specific varieties[edit]

The following are terms for rocks that are not petrographically or genetically distinct but are defined according to various other criteria; most are specific classes of other rocks, or altered versions of existing rocks. Some archaic and vernacular terms for rocks are also included.

• Adamellite – A variety of quartz monzonite
• Appinite – A group of varieties of lamprophyre, mostly rich in hornblende
• Aphanite – Igneous rocks which are so fine-grained that their component mineral crystals are not detectable by the unaided eye
• Borolanite – A variety of nepheline syenite from Loch Borralan, Scotland
• Blue Granite – An igneous rock, specifically a variety of monzonite
• Epidosite – A hydrothermally altered epidote- and quartz-bearing rock
• Felsite – A very fine grained felsic volcanic rock that may or may not contain larger crystals
• Flint – Cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz
• Ganister – Hard, fine-grained quartzose sandstone, or orthoquartzite
• Gossan – Intensely oxidized, weathered or decomposed rock
• Hyaloclastite – A volcaniclastic accumulation or breccia
• Ijolite – An igneous rock consisting essentially of nepheline and augite
• Jadeitite – A metamorphic rock found in blueschist-grade metamorphic terranes
• Jasperoid – A hematite-silica metasomatite analogous to a skarn
• Kenyte – A variety of porphyritic phonolite or trachyte with rhomb shaped phenocrysts of anorthoclase with variable olivine and augite in a glassy matrix - A variety of phonolite, first found on Mount Kenya
• Lapis lazuli – Contact metamorphic rock containing lazurite, pyrite and calcite - A rock composed of lazurite and other minerals
• Larvikite – An igneous rock, specifically a variety of monzonite
• Litchfieldite – A metamorphosed nepheline syenite occurrence near Litchfield, Maine
• Llanite – A hypabyssal rhyolite with microcline and blue quartz phenocrysts from the Llano Uplift in Texas
• Luxullianite – A rare type of granite
• Mangerite – A plutonic intrusive igneous rock, that is essentially a hypersthene-bearing monzonite
• Minette – A variety of lamprophyre
• Novaculite – A type of chert found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas
• Pietersite – Breccia rock of hawk's eyes and tiger's eyes
• Pyrolite – A chemical analogue considered to theoretically represent the earth's upper mantle
• Rapakivi granite – A hornblende-biotite granite containing large round crystals of orthoclase each with a rim of oligoclase
• Rhomb porphyry – A type of latite with euhedral rhombic phenocrysts of feldspar
• Rodingite – A mafic rock metasomatized by serpentinization fluids
• Shonkinite – Intrusive igneous rock – melitilic and kalsititic rocks
• Taconite – An iron-bearing sedimentary rock, in which the iron minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or carbonate
• Tachylite – A form of basaltic volcanic glass
• Teschenite – A silica undersaturated, analcime bearing gabbro
• Theralite – A nepheline gabbro
• Unakite – An altered granite
• Variolite – Igneous rocks which contain varioles
• Vogesite – A variety of lamprophyre
• Wad – A rock rich in manganese oxide or manganese hydroxide

See also[edit]

• List of minerals – A list of minerals for which there are articles on Wikipedia
• List of rocks on Mars – Alphabetical list of named rocks and meteorites found on Mars
• Rock cycle – Transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous
• List of rock formations – Links to Wikipedia articles about notable rock outcrops: for a list of unusual or culturally significant rock outcrops
• Leaverite – A specimen in the field that may look interesting but is actually not

References[edit]

1. ^'BGS Rock Classification Scheme - Igneous - Metamorphic - Sedimentary - Superficial'. British Geological Survey (BGS). Retrieved 2019-05-28.

External links[edit]

Water protectors are activists, organizers, and cultural workers focused on the defense of the world's water and water systems. The water protector name, analysis and style of activism arose from Indigenous communities in North America, during the Dakota Access Pipeline protests at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, that began in April, 2016, in North Dakota.^[1] Water protectors are distinguished from other forms of environmental activists by this philosophy and approach that is rooted in an Indigenous cultural perspective that sees water and the land as sacred.^[2]

Some Water Protectors say that the reasons for protection of water are older, more holistic, and integrated into a larger cultural and spiritual whole than in most modern forms of environmental activism which may be more based in seeing water and other extractive resources as commodities.^[3] For example, water walker Josephine Mandamin of the Anishinaabe has said that water is associated with Mother Earth and spoke of the responsibility of grandmothers to lead other women in praying for and protecting the water.^[4] After a prophecy from an elder, Mandamin led water walks, to pray and raise awareness, from 2000 until her death in 2019. Her peaceful actions inspired many to become water protectors.^[5]

Actions[edit]

Water protectors have been involved in actions against construction of multiple pipelines, as well as other projects by the fossil fuel industries, and resource extraction activities such as fracking that can lead to the contamination of water.^[6]

Actions have involved traditional direct actions like blockades on reserve lands and traditional territories to block corporations from engaging in resource extraction.^[2] Water and land protectors have also created resistance camps as a way to re-occupy and refuse to give away their traditional territories. Usually part of these encampments, when led by Indigenous people, is a strengthening of cultural ties and traditions, with inclusion of activities like language revitalization.^[7][8]

The Dakota Access Pipeline[edit]

Alton Gas[edit]

Watering Bamboo In Rocks

In May 2018 Mi'kmaq peoples in Nova Scotia blocked the Alton Gas company from extracting water from the Shubenacadie River for a natural gas project; the project was disrupting the natural balance between freshwater and seawater in the tidal region, and threatening the drinking water, fish and other water life of the region.^[6]

Muskrat Falls[edit]

Action has also been taken across Canada, including Muskrat Falls hydro dam project in Labrador.^[9][10]

Trans Mountain Pipeline[edit]

In Burnaby Mountain, thousands have staged demonstrations opposing the Trans Mountain pipeline.^[11][12]

Wet'suwet'en resistance camps[edit]

The Wet’suwet’en peoples have ongoing of resistance camps, including Unist’ot’en Camp and action against the construction of a Coastal GasLink pipeline and the heavily militarized RCMP, in Northern British Columbia.^[13]

People[edit]

Many water protectors are women.^[14][15] In many Native American and FNIM cultures, women are seen to have a strong connection to water, the moon, and the cycles of the tide as they are able to become pregnant and give birth.^[4] In Anishinaabe culture women perform ceremonies to honour water and water is considered to be alive and have a spirit.^[16]

The water walks begun by Josephine Mandamin in the Great Lakes region continue to take place, and have spread worldwide, in an ongoing effort to raise visibility.^[17]

Well-known water protectors include: Autumn Peltier (of the Wikwemikong First Nation);^[16][18][19] Peltier's aunt Josephine Mandamin, Marjorie Flowers, Inuk, Nunatsiavut, Labrador.^[20][21]

References[edit]

1. ^LeQuesne, Theo (2019-04-03). 'Petro-hegemony and the matrix of resistance: What can Standing Rock's Water Protectors teach us about organizing for climate justice in the United States?'. Environmental Sociology. 5 (2): 188–206. doi:10.1080/23251042.2018.1541953.
2. ^ ^ab'Standing Rock activists: Don't call us protesters. We're water protectors'. Public Radio International. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
3. ^'Grandmother Josephine Mandamin, a 69 Year Old Who Walked Around the Great Lakes, Talks About the Water Docs International Festival - Shedoesthecity'. Shedoesthecity. 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
4. ^ ^ab'Meet Josephine Mandamin (Anishinaabekwe), The 'Water Walker' | Mother Earth Water Walk'. www.motherearthwaterwalk.com. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
5. ^'Anishinabek Nation mourns the loss of Grandmother Water Walker Josephine Mandamin'. Manitoulin Expositor. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
6. ^ ^ab'Mi'kmaq water protectors blocking fossil fuel infrastructure in Nova Scotia | rabble.ca'. rabble.ca. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
7. ^Rowe, James K (2017-10-09). 'Lessons From the Frontlines of Anti-Colonial Pipeline Resistance'(PDF). escholarship.org. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
8. ^'The Water Protector Movement'. Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
9. ^'3 Labrador water protectors in St. John's jail over Muskrat Falls protest'. aptnnews.ca. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
10. ^'Muskrat Falls Ecological Grief: Resistance became a 'profound, unstoppable force,' says researcher'. aptnnews.ca. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
11. ^'Camp Cloud eviction deadline comes and goes as assistant fire chief pledges support for water protectors'. aptnnews.ca. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
12. ^López, Edwin (2019-01-18). 'Race, Culture, and Resistance at Standing Rock: an Analysis of Racialized Dispossession and Indigenous Resistance'. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 18 (1–2): 113–133. doi:10.1163/15691497-12341508. ISSN1569-1500.
13. ^Wong, Rita (8 January 2019). 'We can all learn from Wet'suwet'en laws'. National Observer. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
14. ^'Women Warrior Water Protectors of DAPL'. IndianCountryToday.com. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
15. ^Monkman, Lenard (19 August 2017). 'How art and spirituality are defining the 'water protectors''. CBC News. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
16. ^ ^abKent, Melissa (22 March 2018). 'Canadian teen tells UN to 'warrior up,' give water same protections as people'. CBC News. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
17. ^Johnson, Rhiannon (23 September 2017). ''It's really very crucial right now': Great Lakes Water Walk focuses on protecting 'lifeblood''. CBC News. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
18. ^'Teen who scolded Trudeau to address UN'. BBC News. 2017-12-31. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
19. ^'Autumn Peltier up for Nobel children's prize'. aptnnews.ca. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
20. ^Breen, Katie (29 Aug 2017). 'Muskrat Falls protester Marjorie Flowers no longer under house arrest'. CBC News. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
21. ^'Land protectors face criminal charges for defending water, food, culture – TheIndependent.ca'. 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2019-01-10.

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